Raul Mas Canosa v. City of Coral Gables
CASE SUMMARY
Coral Gables is an upscale, historic municipality of Miami-Dade County, Florida. Residents take pride in their tree-lined streets and so they call it “City Beautiful.” But the city began lining the streets with Automatic License Plate Readers (ALPRs). One resident was not happy about it and took the city and the state government to task.
The New Civil Liberties Alliance sued the City of Coral Gables as well as the Florida Department of State (FDOS) and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), on behalf of long-time Coral Gables resident, Raul Mas Canosa. Mr. Mas Canosa said the city’s use of Automatic License Plate Readers is a violation of Florida Law and Floridians’ Fourth Amendment rights to privacy.
The ALPR system tracks all vehicle traffic and stores the date for three years. It also allows law enforcement to pore over those records for security purposes, but, by the time NCLA filed this lawsuit, the City had never identified a single crime that was solved by this system.
There are currently dozens of ALPRs strategically placed at major arteries in the city, including I-95, scanning and recording the license plate number of every vehicle that passes, capturing the registered owner and the time, date and location of the vehicle when it was captured. To date, this single system has collected tens of millions of license plate images.
Aggregated, this data paints a revealing picture about a person. And it does so concerning the hundreds of thousands of people within the ALPR system.
FDLE and FDOS claim to have given permission for cities like Coral Gables to install their ALPR systems. But NCLA argued that state administrative agencies could not authorize such activity on their own initiative without formal administrative rules, contending that the city’s ALPR system purportedly authorized by FDOS and FDLE is simply unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 23 of the Florida State Constitution.
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CASE STATUS:
Closed
CASE START DATE:
October 5, 2018
DECIDING COURT:
Florida Third Circuit Court of Appeal
ORIGINAL COURT:
Circuit Court of the 11th Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade county, FL
CASE DOCUMENTS
April 26, 2023 | Decision of the Florida Third District Court of Appeal
July 12, 2022 | Appellant’s Reply Brief
December 13, 2021 | Appellant's Initial Brief
October 4, 2021 | Amended Order on Parties' Cross Motions for Summary Judgment
June 23, 2021 | Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant Florida Department of Law Enforcement’s Motion for Summary Judgment
June 23, 2021 | Plaintiff’s Response to Defendant City of Coral Gables’ Motion for Summary Judgment
June 2, 2021 | Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment against Defendant Florida Department of Law Enforcement
June 2, 2021 | Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment against Defendant City of Coral Gables
Oct 16, 2019 | Order on Motions to Dismiss
Mar 13, 2019 | Notice of Hearing – Canosa vs. City of Coral Gables
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the following will be called up for hearing before the Honorable Abby Cynamon, Dade County Courthouse, 73 West Flagler Street, Room DCC 817, Miami, Florida 33130, on Wednesday, April 24, 2019, at 2:00 p.m., or as soon thereafter as same can be heard:
DEFENDANT CITY OF CORAL GABLES’ MOTION TO DISMISS AMENDED COMPLAINT AND INCORPORATED MEMORANDUM OF LAW
FLORIDA SECRETARY OF STATE AND FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF STATE’S MOTION TO TRANSFER VENUE OR, ALTERNATIVELY, DISMISS FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT
FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT’S MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S AMENDED COMPLAINT
PLEASE BE GOVERNED ACCORDINGLY.
Jan 18, 2019 | Plaintiff's Response to Defendant Florida Department of Law Enforcement's Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff's Amended Complaint
Plaintiff, Raul Mas Canosa, files this response to a motion to dismiss filed by Defendants, Florida Department of Law Enforcement and Commissioner Richard L. Swearingen (referred to collectively as FDLE). For the reasons set out below, FDLE has not demonstrated that this
matter should be dismissed…
Oct 5, 2018 | Raul Mas Canosa vs. City of Coral Gables, Florida Complaint
Click below to read full complaint:
PRESS RELEASES
December 14, 2021 | NCLA Appeals Case Contesting Data Collection of Automatic License Plate Readers in Coral Gables, FL
Washington, DC (December 14, 2021) – The City of Coral Gables, Florida, uses Automatic License Plate Readers (ALPRs) to collect and store geographic location data of drivers navigating the City, aggregates that information, and stores it in a database accessible to law enforcement for three years. This warrantless surveillance infringes the privacy rights of residents like Raul Mas Canosa, who is suing over the use of ALPRs.
The New Civil Liberties Alliance, a nonpartisan, nonprofit civil rights group, filed an opening brief Monday in Florida’s Third District Court of Appeal, arguing that the City’s adoption of the ALPR program, based on statewide guidelines issued by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), violates the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 23 of the Florida Constitution. Mr. Mas argues that the trial court erred in ruling that there is no constitutional right to privacy in one’s movement over time if the government stops short of monitoring and cataloging the individual’s every single public movement. He also challenges the trial court’s ruling that FDLE’s guidelines, which interpret Florida law and implement a mandatory, uniform statewide policy, are not a “rule” that would require notice-and-comment rulemaking.
In 2015, Coral Gables authorized the use of 17 ALPRs to form a “geofence” perimeter around the City to provide maximum surveillance potential 24 hours a day. By 2019, the ALPR program had collected over 106 million images, 101 million of which it retained for three years pursuant to the City’s data retention plan. Additionally, Coral Gables elected to share the ALPR data with 68 other jurisdictions, including federal law enforcement.
Discovery in the case revealed that, as of January 2019, the City had catalogued 393 photographs of Mr. Mas throughout Coral Gables. Each photograph includes the precise date, time, latitude and longitude of his vehicle, and an estimate of the nearest address and intersection.
Remarkably, even though Mr. Mas has alleged a constitutional injury based on the government’s collection, retention, and aggregation of his location information, the trial court held that he failed to establish an actionable injury because the government has never “utilized” that data against him. NCLA has warned the Court of Appeal that the trial court’s standing ruling would prevent law-abiding citizens from protecting their constitutional rights.
NCLA released the following statements:
“The City of Coral Gables is using ALPRs to systematically infringe the constitutional rights of everyone who drives on its roads. The trial court’s decision to allow this warrantless surveillance erodes the right to privacy by failing to recognize how technological advances allow the government to monitor our whereabouts in ways not previously possible.”
— Jared McClain, Litigation Counsel, NCLA
“If I’ve done nothing wrong, I have no criminal record, why is my city monitoring me? We’re going to wake up one day and find that we have no more rights left; that they’re all in the hands of government; that bureaucrats can surveil us whenever and wherever they want. I’m not ready to sort of, roll over and just say, ‘OK fine, go ahead and do it, track me 24 hours a day.’ I don’t think that’s right.”
— Raul Mas Canosa, Plaintiff, Raul Mas Canosa v. City of Coral Gables, Florida, et al.
For more information visit the case page here or watch the case video here.
ABOUT NCLA
NCLA is a nonpartisan, nonprofit civil rights group founded by prominent legal scholar Philip Hamburger to protect constitutional freedoms from violations by the Administrative State. NCLA’s public-interest litigation and other pro bono advocacy strive to tame the unlawful power of state and federal agencies and to foster a new civil liberties movement that will help restore Americans’ fundamental rights.
June 2, 2021 | NCLA Asks Miami Court to Stop Coral Gables from Using ALPRs to Violate Drivers’ Privacy Interests
Washington, DC (June 2, 2021) – Raul Mas Canosa, a resident of Coral Gables, Florida, was alarmed when he received 80 pages of documents from the city tracking his vehicle’s movements using Automated License Plate Readers (ALPRs) installed around the city. Today the New Civil Liberties Alliance, a nonpartisan, nonprofit civil rights group, filed two motions for summary judgment asking a judge in Florida’s 11th Judicial Circuit to rule against the City of Coral Gables and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) over their warrantless collection of personal data in violation of Mr. Mas Canosa’s right to privacy under the constitutions of the State of Florida and the United States.
The images, captured over a 5-month period, show Mr. Mas Canosa going to the supermarket, to the dry cleaner, to doctors’ appointments, to a meeting with a client, to a city commission meeting, and to various other locations across the city. There are 18 ALPR devices located at major intersections and other strategic points throughout Coral Gables. The locations form a perimeter around the city and were selected to encompass the most traffic possible so the system would maximize surveillance potential. These cameras take pictures of license plates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and then store that data for a period of three years. The information gathered by the ALPRs is searchable and available to 68 different law enforcement agencies, including the FBI.
The Supreme Court held in Carpenter v. United States that “an individual maintains a legitimate expectation of privacy in the record of his physical movements as captured through” digital surveillance. Coral Gables’s ALPR system unlawfully aggregates data about Mr. Mas Canosa’s movements over time and impermissibly shares that data with law enforcement without any particularized suspicion.
Constitutional limitations bind FDLE and ensure that the agency cannot bless unlawful intrusions of municipalities into the most private aspects of people’s lives. FDLE’s current Guidelines permit unconstitutional data gathering and dissemination to law enforcement. The collection and storage of over a hundred million data points from ALPRs constitute a search for Fourth Amendment purposes. But the Fourth Amendment forbids monitoring a person’s public movements over time without a warrant. Furthermore, because the city shares that data with police without any requirement for particularized suspicion, the collection of data violates the warrant requirement.
FDLE is also bound by statutory limitations, which require that the agency engage in appropriate notice and comment rulemaking before issuing binding rules to protect the public’s right to advocate for their own interests—particularly when those rules result in the kind of intrusive surveillance seen in this case. FDLE has not adhered to these constitutional and statutory limits, and the Circuit Court should therefore set aside FDLE’s Guidelines as unlawful and terminate the city’s use of ALPRs as unconstitutional.
NCLA released the following statement:
“The indiscriminate surveillance of law-abiding people by the City of Coral Gables is truly breathtaking. That FDLE Guidelines permit this is maddening. The police constantly monitor all drivers who enter the city limits, track their movements for years on end, and actively track innocent people just in case they might commit a crime. This police state is unlawful, and the Court must stop Coral Gables from violating every driver’s civil liberties immediately.”
—Caleb Kruckenberg, Litigation Counsel, NCLA
For more information click here to visit the case page and view the video of Mr. Mas Canosa’s story.
ABOUT NCLA
NCLA is a nonpartisan, nonprofit civil rights group founded by prominent legal scholar Philip Hamburger to protect constitutional freedoms from violations by the Administrative State. NCLA’s public-interest litigation and other pro bono advocacy strive to tame the unlawful power of state and federal agencies and to foster a new civil liberties movement that will help restore Americans’ fundamental rights.
Oct 25, 2019 | Florida Judge Greenlights NCLA Lawsuit Alleging Unconstitutional Use of Automatic License Plate Readers
Washington, DC— The Honorable Judge Abby Cynamon of Florida’s 11th Judicial Circuit Court submitted an order allowing the New Civil Liberties Alliance to proceed with the lawsuit against the City of Coral Gables, Florida; the Florida Department of State (FDOS); and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), on behalf of Coral Gables resident Raúl Mas Canosa. The lawsuit cites Automated License Plate Readers (ALPRs) as a violation of Florida law and Floridians’ constitutional rights. Coral Gables uses more than 30 ALPR devices located at major intersections and other strategic points around the city, and police estimate that in 2018 alone the department scanned close to 30 million license plates.
NCLA takes issue with the collection and storage of sensitive license plate information without reasonable limits on the scope of data collected or its use. The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbids police from constantly monitoring a vehicle’s movements over time without first obtaining a warrant based on probable cause. Just as significantly, Article I, Section 23 of the Florida State Constitution protects the ‘right of privacy’ of innocent citizens and limits the State’s collection and use of private information without first making a showing of compelling government interest.
The order filed on October 16, 2019 denied the City of Coral Gables’ motion to dismiss the constitutional and related claims against the defendants’ use of ALPRs. The case will move forward to the discovery phase.
“I am delighted to hear that the court has allowed us to move forward with most of our claims, especially the constitutional argument that Coral Gables’ ALPR surveillance system constitutes a violation of my right to privacy under both the Federal and Florida Constitutions. I am grateful to the judicial system and to the New Civil Liberties Alliance for allowing my voice and my complaint to be taken seriously.” – Raúl Mas Canosa, Plaintiff
“The defendants’ argued there’s nothing stopping them from tracking all vehicle traffic for years with an ALPR system and then allowing law enforcement to pore over the captured data without any individualized suspicion. We are pleased that Judge Cynamon rightly rejected those arguments. We look forward to vindicating Floridians’ right to privacy in this case.” – Caleb Kruckenberg, NCLA Litigation Counsel
ABOUT NCLA
NCLA is a nonprofit civil rights organization founded by prominent legal scholar Philip Hamburger to protect constitutional freedoms from violations by the Administrative State. NCLA’s public-interest litigation and other pro bono advocacy strive to tame the unlawful power of state and federal agencies and to foster a new civil liberties movement that will help restore Americans’ fundamental rights. For more information visit us online: NCLAlegal.org.
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Oct 23, 2018 | NCLA Sues City of Coral Gables, Florida Calling Its Use of Automated License Plate Readers ‘Nakedly Unconstitutional’
Washington, DC — The New Civil Liberties Alliance (NCLA) filed a lawsuit against the City of Coral Gables, Florida; the Florida Department of State (FDOS); and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE), on behalf of Gables resident Raúl Mas Canosa, citing the city’s Automated License Plate Readers (ALPRs) as a violation of Florida law and Floridians’ Fourth Amendment rights to privacy.
New Civil Liberties Alliance Litigation Counsel, Caleb Kruckenberg:
“The City’s ALPR system is nakedly unconstitutional. The FDLE never issued formal administrative rules, but rather gave law enforcement carte blanche permission to use ALPR systems, whenever and however it wants. Agencies are supposed to implement the law—not make it—and allowing these agencies to govern themselves subverts the democratic process entirely.”
NCLA takes issue with the collection and storage of sensitive license plate information without reasonable limits on the scope of data collected or its use. Coral Gables uses more than 30 ALPR devices located at major intersections and other strategic points around the city, and police estimate that by the end of 2018 the department will have scanned close to 30 million license plates.
Raúl Mas Canosa, Plaintiff
“I am not opposed to modern technology being used to safeguard our community and identify and capture criminals. Unfortunately, the system that Coral Gables has implemented does not discriminate between innocent citizens and lawbreakers.”
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbids police from constantly monitoring a vehicle’s movements over time without first obtaining a warrant based on probable cause. Just as significantly, Article I, Section 23 of the Florida State Constitution protects the ‘right of privacy’ of innocent citizens and limits the State’s collection and use of private information without first making a showing of compelling government interest. This means that tracking all vehicle traffic for years with an ALPR system and then allowing law enforcement to pore over the captured data without any individualized suspicion is unlawful.
NCLA demands the FDOS and the FDLE end these unchecked and illegal uses of ALPR cameras and that state courts take action to restore the balance of power to protect the residents of Florida.
ABOUT NCLA
NCLA is a nonprofit civil rights organization founded by prominent legal scholar Philip Hamburger to protect constitutional freedoms from violations by the administrative state. NCLA’s public-interest litigation and other pro bono advocacy strive to tame the unchecked power of state and federal agencies and to foster a new civil liberties movement that will help restore Americans’ fundamental rights. For more information visit us online: NCLAlegal.org.
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Sep 26, 2019 | NCLA Video Shows Problem with Use of License Plate Readers
Washington, D.C. – Today the New Civil Liberties Alliance released a case video featuring NCLA client Raul Mas Canosa that depicts the serious privacy concerns that surround automatic license plate readers (ALPRs). Canosa’s lawsuit against the City of Coral Gables, Florida, the Florida Department of State and the Florida Department of Law Enforcement challenges the unconstitutional use of ALPRs to track drivers’ movements without probable cause. NCLA argues that the city’s ALPRs violate Florida law and Floridian’s Fourth Amendment rights to privacy under the U.S. Constitution. The video shows how this technology in the hands of government can be dangerous.
Video Excerpts:
“I reached out to the New Civil Liberties Alliance because I realized quite frankly that my own government—the city of Coral Gables—is spying on me 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, day and night. And I think that is wrong.”—Raul Mas Canosa, NCLA client
“The constitution (of both the United States, and in this case, the state of Florida) is very clear, government can’t follow you around and record your movements when you haven’t done anything wrong. We’re asking this court to prevent the City from operating its system without reasonable and constitutionally appropriate limits.”
—Caleb Kruckenberg, NCLA Litigation Counsel
“We took this case to defend our client’s civil liberties and to set an important precedent about automatic license plate readers and how they can and can’t be used. Part of your privacy, part of liberty, is being able to say [to the government], ‘It’s none of your business.’ But if the government has a record of everywhere they have traveled in the city, then that right is really empty.”
—Mark Chenoweth, NCLA Executive Director and General Counsel
ABOUT NCLA
NCLA is a nonprofit civil rights organization founded by prominent legal scholar Philip Hamburger to protect constitutional freedoms from violations by the Administrative State. NCLA’s public-interest litigation and other pro bono advocacy strive to tame the unlawful power of state and federal agencies and to foster a new civil liberties movement that will help restore Americans’ fundamental rights.
For more information, visit us online: NCLAlegal.org.
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